Tartar

What is tartar?

Tartar, also known as dental calculus, is hardened plaque that forms on the teeth when soft plaque is not removed effectively through brushing and interdental cleaning. Once plaque mineralises, it becomes firmly attached to the tooth surface and cannot be removed with a toothbrush alone. Professional dental cleaning is required to safely eliminate tartar build-up.

Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms continuously on the teeth. When plaque remains on the teeth for extended periods, minerals from saliva combine with the plaque and cause it to harden. This process can begin within 24 to 72 hours. Over time, tartar accumulates and creates a rough surface that attracts even more plaque and bacteria.

Tartar can develop above the gum line, where it is often visible as yellow or brown deposits, or below the gum line, where it is hidden from view but can cause significant damage to gum and bone tissue.

Why tartar matters

Tartar is not just a cosmetic issue. Its rough surface provides an ideal environment for bacteria to cling to the teeth and gums. This makes plaque removal more difficult and increases the risk of gum inflammation, infection and tooth decay.

When tartar builds up below the gum line, it contributes to gum disease by irritating the surrounding tissue and allowing bacteria to penetrate deeper. Over time, this can lead to gum recession, bone loss and loosening of teeth.

Tartar build-up also contributes to persistent bad breath and staining. If left untreated, it can significantly compromise oral health and lead to more complex and costly treatment.

Causes and risk factors

Inadequate oral hygiene

Inconsistent brushing and failure to clean between teeth allow plaque to remain on the tooth surface long enough to harden. Areas that are difficult to reach, such as behind the lower front teeth and between back teeth, are particularly vulnerable.

High mineral content in saliva

Some individuals naturally have higher mineral levels in their saliva, which accelerates the hardening of plaque into tartar. This makes them more prone to calculus build-up even with reasonable oral hygiene habits.

Smoking and tobacco use

Smoking increases plaque accumulation and reduces saliva flow, creating conditions that favour tartar formation. Smokers also tend to develop heavier calculus deposits than non-smokers.

Dry mouth

Reduced saliva flow limits the natural cleansing action of the mouth. This allows plaque to remain on the teeth longer and increases the rate of mineralisation into tartar.

Orthodontic appliances and dental restorations

Braces, retainers, crowns and bridges can create additional surfaces where plaque becomes trapped. Without meticulous cleaning, these areas are more likely to develop tartar.

Diet and lifestyle factors

Frequent consumption of sugary or starchy foods promotes plaque formation. Poor hydration and irregular oral hygiene routines further increase tartar risk.

Symptoms

Tartar build-up may be associated with several signs and symptoms, including:

• Yellow or brown deposits on the teeth
• Rough or gritty tooth surfaces
• Red or swollen gums
• Bleeding during brushing or flossing
• Bad breath
• Gum tenderness
• Receding gums
• Increased tooth sensitivity
• Visible build-up near the gum line
• Changes in gum shape or contour

In early stages, tartar may not cause noticeable discomfort, which is why regular dental check-ups are important.

How tartar affects oral health

Tartar acts as a reservoir for bacteria. Its rough surface makes plaque removal more difficult and allows bacteria to multiply more easily. This increases inflammation of the gums and accelerates gum disease progression.

Below the gum line, tartar disrupts the attachment between the gums and teeth. This leads to the formation of periodontal pockets, where bacteria continue to thrive. Over time, the supporting bone around the teeth may be lost, weakening tooth stability and increasing the risk of tooth loss.

Tartar also contributes to staining and aesthetic concerns. Because it absorbs pigments from food and drink, it often becomes darker over time, affecting the appearance of the smile.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves identifying tartar deposits and assessing gum health.

• Visual examination – detecting visible calculus above the gum line.
• Tactile assessment – using dental instruments to feel for rough deposits.
• Gum pocket measurement – evaluating the presence of gum disease.
• X-rays – assessing bone levels and sub-gum tartar deposits.
• Plaque assessment – identifying areas of inadequate cleaning.
• Review of oral hygiene habits – determining contributing factors.

Accurate diagnosis guides appropriate cleaning and long-term prevention strategies.

Treatment and management

Professional scaling and cleaning

The primary treatment for tartar is professional scaling. This involves removing hardened deposits from above and below the gum line using specialised instruments. Scaling restores smooth tooth surfaces and reduces bacterial load.

Deep cleaning (periodontal treatment)

When tartar extends below the gum line and gum disease is present, deep cleaning may be required. This process removes bacteria from periodontal pockets and helps gums reattach more closely to the teeth. It is often performed over multiple appointments for optimal results.

Polishing and surface smoothing

After tartar removal, teeth are polished to smooth the surface. This makes it harder for plaque to attach and improves overall cleanliness and appearance.

Ongoing maintenance appointments

Patients prone to tartar build-up may require more frequent hygiene visits. Regular professional cleaning helps prevent re-accumulation and supports long-term gum health.

Improving daily oral hygiene

Effective brushing and interdental cleaning are essential to prevent plaque from hardening again. Tailored advice is often provided to address specific problem areas.

Prevention and self-care

• Twice-daily brushing – removes plaque before it hardens.
• Daily interdental cleaning – prevents plaque accumulation between teeth.
• Using fluoride toothpaste – supports enamel health and plaque control.
• Staying hydrated – supports saliva flow and natural cleansing.
• Stopping smoking – reduces plaque and tartar formation.
• Regular dental check-ups – early detection prevents heavy build-up.
• Using electric toothbrushes – improves plaque removal efficiency.

When to seek urgent dental care

Seek professional advice if you experience:

• Heavy tartar build-up with bleeding gums
• Persistent bad breath
• Swollen or painful gums
• Loose teeth
• Gum recession associated with calculus deposits
• Signs of infection such as pus or fever

These symptoms may indicate advanced gum disease requiring prompt treatment.

FAQs and common questions

Can I remove tartar at home?

No. Once plaque has hardened into tartar, it cannot be removed safely with a toothbrush or home tools. Professional cleaning is required to avoid damaging teeth and gums.

How quickly does tartar form?

Plaque can begin to mineralise into tartar within one to three days if not removed. Regular brushing and interdental cleaning are essential to prevent this process.

Why do I get tartar even though I brush?

Factors such as saliva composition, brushing technique, interdental cleaning habits and smoking all influence tartar formation. Professional advice can help optimise your routine.

Is tartar the same as plaque?

No. Plaque is soft and sticky, while tartar is hardened plaque that has mineralised and attached firmly to the tooth surface.

Does tartar cause bad breath?

Yes. Bacteria trapped in tartar produce odours that contribute to persistent bad breath.

Can tartar cause tooth loss?

Yes. When tartar accumulates below the gum line, it contributes to gum disease and bone loss, which can eventually lead to tooth loss if untreated.

How often should tartar be removed?

Most patients benefit from professional cleaning every six months, though those prone to heavy build-up may require more frequent visits.

Are electric toothbrushes better for preventing tartar?

Electric toothbrushes are often more effective at removing plaque when used correctly, helping reduce tartar formation.

Can children develop tartar?

Yes. Poor oral hygiene and diet can lead to tartar build-up in children. Early education and supervision are important.

Does mouthwash prevent tartar?

Mouthwash may reduce bacteria but does not replace brushing and interdental cleaning. Mechanical plaque removal is essential.

Is tartar removal painful?

Most patients experience minimal discomfort. Sensitive areas may require numbing gel or local anaesthetic for deeper cleaning.

Will tartar come back after cleaning?

Yes, if plaque control is not maintained. Good daily oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups help prevent recurrence.

Call to action

If you have noticed hard deposits on your teeth, bleeding gums or persistent bad breath, professional cleaning can restore gum health and prevent further damage. Our team can safely remove tartar and help you maintain a clean, healthy smile. Contact us to arrange an appointment and receive expert care.